ꯋꯤꯀꯤꯄꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥ

ꯄꯨꯋꯥꯂꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯀꯤ ꯀꯪꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ

ꯑꯉꯟꯕ ꯑꯏꯕ ꯆꯠꯅꯕꯤ ꯂꯩꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯀꯪꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯢꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤ
ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯦꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯨꯋꯥꯂꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯅꯤ ꯫ For ꯄꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤ, see ꯀꯪꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯄꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤ.

ꯄꯨꯋꯥꯂꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯀꯤ ꯀꯪꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯂꯤꯄ ꯀꯪꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ (ꯑꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔ) ꯍꯥꯢꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯕ ꯅꯨꯡꯅ ꯈꯨꯠꯁꯨ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯢ ꯁꯦꯝ ꯁꯥꯗꯨꯅ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯈꯨꯟꯊꯣꯛꯂꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝꯅꯤ ꯫[꯱][꯲][꯳][꯴][꯵][꯶]

ꯀꯪꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔ ꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯤꯕ ꯂꯩꯇꯧ-ꯂꯩꯈꯣꯠ ꯅꯩꯅꯂꯣꯟ (ꯑꯥꯔꯀꯦꯌꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤ) ꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯠ-ꯆꯩ ꯐꯪꯐꯝ ꯃꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯝ ꯄꯥꯐꯜꯅꯤ꯫

ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯌꯦꯡꯅꯕꯗ ꯂꯩꯇꯧ ꯂꯩꯈꯣꯠ (archaeological work) ꯀꯤ ꯊꯧꯁꯤ ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔꯗ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯊꯦꯡꯅ ꯄꯥꯡꯂꯛꯈꯤ꯫ ꯑꯣ. ꯀꯨꯃꯥꯔ ꯁꯤꯡꯍꯒꯤ ꯂꯝꯖꯤꯡ ꯃꯈꯥꯗ ꯂꯩꯇꯧ-ꯂꯩꯈꯣꯠ ꯍꯧꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯊꯧ ꯄꯥꯡꯗ꯭ꯔꯤꯉꯩꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗꯗꯤ ꯂꯩꯀꯣꯠ-ꯂꯩꯇꯧꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯗꯦ ꯫[꯷][꯸][꯹][꯱꯰] ꯑꯣꯀ꯭ꯔꯝ ꯀꯨꯃꯥꯔ ꯁꯤꯡꯍ ꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯏꯟꯅ ꯑꯁꯨꯝꯅ ꯍꯥꯢ: "ꯄꯨꯋꯥꯂꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯀꯤ ꯀꯪꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ ꯇ ꯑꯔꯤꯕ ꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯁꯨ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯢ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯃꯌꯥꯢ ꯊꯪꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯃꯤꯅ ꯂꯣꯢꯕꯤ ꯆꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯑꯗꯨꯒ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯁꯨ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯢ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗꯅ ꯆꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯇꯝꯄꯥꯛ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛꯇ ꯈꯨꯟꯇꯥꯂꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯇꯝꯄꯥꯛ ꯇ ꯀꯨꯝꯊꯔꯛꯄꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯗ꯭ꯔꯕꯗ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯴꯰꯰꯰ ꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯣꯢꯒꯅꯤ ꯫"[꯱꯱][꯱꯲] ꯐꯪꯂꯤꯕ ꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯛ ꯄꯣꯠꯂꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯃꯇꯧꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯏꯟꯅ ꯀꯪꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯄꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝꯁꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯳ ꯊꯣꯛꯏ ꯫

ꯑꯔꯤꯕ ꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯂꯨ

ꯄꯦꯂꯤꯌꯣꯂꯤꯊꯤꯛ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯛ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯳ꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯱ꯟꯕ ꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯃꯐꯝꯒꯤ ꯈꯦꯟꯅꯩ ꯫ ꯀꯪꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛꯀ ꯌꯨꯝꯊꯪꯅꯕ ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ ꯱ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯋꯥ (ꯃꯌꯥꯟꯃꯥꯔ), ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯊꯦꯡꯊꯕ ꯑꯔꯤꯕ ꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯛ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ (lower Paleolithic culture) ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯷꯵꯰꯰꯰꯰ ꯗꯒꯤ ꯲꯷꯵꯰꯰꯰ ꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯍꯧꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯉꯟꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ Homo erectus (ꯑꯉꯟꯕ Anyathian ꯆꯠꯅꯕꯤ) ꯑꯁꯤ Ayeyawaddy river ꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯥꯟꯗ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯷꯵꯰꯰꯰ ꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯈꯤ꯫ ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯀꯪꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ (ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔ) ꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯢꯅꯗꯤ ꯑꯔꯤꯕ ꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯛ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯲꯰,꯰꯰꯰ ꯗꯒꯤ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯱꯰,꯰꯰꯰ ꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯈꯤ ꯫[꯱꯳] ꯑꯔꯤꯕ ꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯛ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯛ ꯐꯪꯕ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯵ꯂꯩꯔꯦ, ꯃꯈꯣꯢꯁꯤꯡꯗꯨꯗꯤ:- ꯁꯣꯡꯕꯨ, ꯈꯥꯡꯈꯨꯏ, ꯃꯆꯤ (ꯂꯝ), ꯅꯣꯡꯄꯣꯛ ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯜꯃꯥꯟꯕꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯤꯡꯇꯝꯅꯤ ꯫

  • ꯁꯣꯡꯕꯨ ꯂꯩꯈꯨꯟ - ꯏꯪ ꯀꯨꯝꯖꯥ ꯱꯹꯸꯳ꯗ, ꯅꯨꯡꯖꯥꯎ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯈꯔꯥ ꯐꯪꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯐꯪꯈꯤꯕ ꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯲ ꯁꯨꯏ, ꯀꯣꯔ ꯇꯨꯜꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯦꯛ ꯇꯨꯜꯁꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯦꯛ ꯇꯨꯜꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ (꯷꯷.꯷℅)ꯅꯤ ꯀꯣꯔ ꯇꯨꯜꯁ (꯲꯲.꯲℅) ꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯂꯤ ꯫ ꯁꯣꯡꯕꯨ ꯁꯨꯔꯨꯡ ꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯟꯊꯣꯛꯂꯛꯄ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯲꯰,꯰꯰꯰ ꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯣꯢꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯢꯅ ꯂꯦꯞꯅꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ middle Paleolithic ꯃꯇꯝ ꯗꯅꯤ꯫[꯱꯴][꯱꯵][꯱꯶][꯱꯷][꯱꯸] ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯛ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯹ ꯃꯨꯛ ꯐꯪꯏ, ꯃꯈꯣꯢꯁꯤꯡꯗꯨꯗꯤ:- (1) Flake - 1, (2) Knife - 1, (3) Blade Hake - 3, (4) Point - 1, (5) Borer scrapper - 1, (6) Hand axe - 1, (7) Spilt pebbles - 1.
  • ꯈꯥꯡꯈꯨꯏ ꯁꯨꯔꯨꯡ - ꯎꯈ꯭ꯔꯨꯜ ꯄꯅꯥ ꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ limestone Cretaceous ꯑꯣꯢꯅ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯱꯹꯶꯹ꯗ ꯈꯪꯂꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯨꯔꯨꯡ ꯴ ꯐꯪꯏ꯫ ꯅꯣꯡꯄꯣꯛ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯅꯣꯡꯆꯨꯞ ꯆꯤꯡꯃꯥꯢꯗ ꯲-꯲ ꯐꯪꯏ ꯫ ꯁꯨꯔꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯱ꯟꯕ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯲ꯁꯨꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯅꯣꯡꯆꯨꯞ ꯆꯤꯡꯃꯥꯢꯗ,ꯑꯗꯨꯒ ꯳ꯁꯨꯕ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯴ꯁꯨꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯅꯣꯡꯄꯣꯛ ꯆꯤꯡꯃꯥꯢꯗ ꯂꯩ ꯫ stalactite ꯀꯌꯥꯃꯔꯨꯝꯅ ꯁꯨꯔꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯟꯊꯔꯛꯏ ꯫ 1969-1972 ꯗ ꯇꯧꯊꯣꯛ ꯈꯣꯠꯊꯣꯛꯄꯗ ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯡ ꯆꯥꯗꯕꯗꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯂꯦꯞꯅꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯐꯪꯈꯤꯕ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯛ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯲ ꯊꯣꯛꯏ ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯢꯁꯤꯡꯗꯨꯗꯤ limestone ꯈꯨꯠꯁꯨ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯢ (96.4℅) ꯑꯃꯗꯤ sandstone ꯈꯨꯠꯁꯨ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯢ (2.2℅) ꯅꯤ꯫ ꯁꯨꯔꯨꯡ ꯳ꯁꯨꯕ ꯗꯒꯤ ꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨ ꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯁꯨ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯢ ꯐꯪꯏ ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯢꯁꯤ Cervus, Sus ꯑꯃꯗꯤ Bovines ꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯢꯅ ꯇꯧꯏ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯱꯵,꯰꯰꯰ ꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯛ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯒꯤ ꯆꯠꯅꯕꯤ ꯂꯩꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯢꯅ ꯂꯦꯞꯅꯈꯤ꯫ ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ T.C. Sharma ꯅꯗꯤ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯳꯰,꯰꯰꯰ ꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯩꯔꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯢꯅ ꯂꯦꯞꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯑꯣꯢꯔꯗꯤ Upper ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒ Late Paleolithic ꯃꯇꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯢꯅ ꯇꯧꯅꯤ ꯫[꯱꯹][꯲꯰][꯲꯱]
  • ꯅꯣꯡꯄꯣꯛ ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯜꯃꯥꯟꯕꯤ - ꯱꯹꯸꯲-꯱꯹꯸꯴ꯗ ꯈꯪꯂꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯔꯤꯕ ꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯛ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯛ ꯐꯪꯏ ꯫[꯲꯲][꯲꯳] ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯩꯀꯥꯢ ꯳ ꯈꯥꯢꯗꯣꯛꯏ꯫ ꯂꯩꯀꯥꯢ ꯱ꯟꯕ (Mesolithic), ꯂꯩꯀꯥꯢ ꯲ꯁꯨꯕ (Paleolithic) ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯂꯩꯀꯥꯢ ꯳ꯁꯨꯕ (Paleolithic) ꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯥꯛꯅ Upper or Late Paleolithic period ꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯢꯅ ꯇꯧꯏ꯫[꯲꯴] ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯛ ꯑꯌꯥꯝꯕꯗꯤ Quartzitic sandstone pebbles ꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯁꯥꯕꯅꯤ ꯑꯗꯨꯒ ꯈꯔꯗꯤ chert ꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯁꯥꯕꯅꯤ ꯫[꯲꯵][꯲꯶]
  • ꯁꯤꯡꯇꯣꯝ - ꯆꯥꯟꯗꯦꯜ ꯄꯅꯥ ꯗ ꯱꯹꯸꯹ꯗ ꯈꯪꯂꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯛ ꯱꯶ ꯐꯪꯏ ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯢꯁꯤꯡꯗꯨꯗꯤ:- (1) hand axe, (2) work flat pebble with round edge, (3) flaked pebbles, (4) blade, (5) flake, (6) pebble striker, (7) split pebble, (8) waste flake. ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯁꯤ Quartzitic sandstone ꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯁꯥꯕꯅꯤ ꯫[꯲꯷][꯲꯸]
  • ꯃꯆꯤ (ꯂꯝ) - ꯱꯹꯷꯴ꯗ ꯆꯥꯟꯗꯦꯜ ꯄꯅꯥ (ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯀꯤꯅ ꯇꯦꯡꯅꯧꯄꯜ ꯄꯅꯥ)ꯗ ꯊꯦꯡꯅꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯔꯤꯕ ꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯛ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯛ ꯄꯣꯠꯂꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯐꯪꯏ ꯫[꯲꯹][꯳꯰][꯳꯱][꯳꯲][꯳꯳]

ꯃꯌꯥꯢꯊꯪꯕ ꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯂꯨ

ꯃꯌꯥꯢꯊꯪꯕ ꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯛ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ (ꯃꯦꯁꯣꯂꯤꯊꯤꯛ, ꯍꯣꯑꯥꯕꯤꯟꯍꯤꯌꯥꯟ, Mesolithic period, Hoabinhian period ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒ post Paleolithic period ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒ pre Neolithic period) ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯲ ꯂꯩ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯢꯁꯤꯡꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯅꯣꯡꯄꯣꯛ ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯜꯃꯥꯟꯕꯤ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯊꯥꯔꯣꯟ ꯁꯨꯔꯨꯡꯅꯤ ꯫[꯳꯴][꯳꯵]

  • ꯅꯣꯡꯄꯣꯛ ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯜꯃꯥꯟꯕꯤ - ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯩꯀꯥꯢ ꯱ꯟꯕ, ꯲ꯁꯨꯕ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯳ꯁꯨꯕ ꯍꯥꯢꯅ ꯈꯥꯢꯗꯣꯛꯏ ꯫ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯱ꯟꯕꯒꯤꯁꯤ ꯃꯌꯥꯢꯊꯪꯕ ꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯛ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯢ ꯫ ꯑꯗꯨꯒ ꯑꯀꯣꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯲ꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯔꯤꯕ ꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯛ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯒꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯈꯨꯠꯁꯨ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯢ ꯑꯌꯥꯝꯕꯗꯤ Quartzitic sandstone ꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯁꯥꯕꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯛ ꯄꯣꯠꯂꯝ ꯷꯹ ꯃꯨꯛ ꯐꯪꯏ, ꯃꯈꯣꯢꯁꯤꯡꯗꯨꯗꯤ:- (1) Chisel edge pebble tools, (2) Round edge pebble tools, (3) Pebble pick, (4) Scrapper, (5) Blade, (6) Split pebble, (7) Pebble with batter marks, (8) Pebble with ground faces, (9) Flake and (10) Manu port. ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯥꯛꯄ ꯆꯍꯤ 4460+-120 ꯃꯨꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯒꯤꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯢꯅ ꯂꯦꯞꯄꯤ ꯫[꯳꯶]
  • ꯊꯥꯔꯣꯟ ꯁꯨꯔꯨꯡ - ꯱꯹꯷꯹ꯗ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯣꯢꯅ ꯊꯤ ꯍꯨꯝꯕ ꯆꯠꯊꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯐꯝꯁꯤ State Archeology Department Government of Manipur ꯅ ꯱꯹꯸꯹ꯗ ꯑꯃꯨꯛꯀ ꯊꯤ ꯍꯨꯝꯕ ꯗ ꯁꯨꯔꯨꯡ ꯵ ꯐꯪꯂꯛꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯌꯥꯢꯊꯪꯕ ꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯛ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯛ ꯄꯣꯠꯂꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯳꯹ ꯃꯨꯛ ꯐꯪꯏ, ꯃꯈꯣꯢꯁꯤꯡꯗꯨꯗꯤ:- (1) Chopping tools, (2) Hand adze, (3) Hand axe, (4) Pointed tools, (5) Scrapper, (6) Edge ground knife, (7) Quern, (8) Grinder, (9) twenty five ꯃꯆꯥ ꯈꯥꯢꯕ ꯉꯝꯗꯕ ꯅꯨꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯫[꯳꯷][꯳꯸]

ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯂꯨ

ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯛ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯳ꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯈ꯭ꯋꯥꯢꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯣꯢꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒ ꯑꯊꯦꯡꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯛ ꯐꯪꯕ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔꯗ ꯴ ꯂꯩ ꯫[꯳꯹][꯴꯰] ꯃꯈꯣꯢꯁꯤꯡꯗꯨꯗꯤ:- (꯱) ꯅꯥꯄꯆꯤꯛ[꯴꯱], (꯲) ꯂꯥꯢꯃꯅꯥꯢ[꯴꯲], (꯳) ꯐꯨꯅꯥꯟ[꯴꯳], (꯴) ꯅꯣꯡꯄꯣꯛ ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯜꯃꯥꯟꯕꯤꯅꯤ ꯫[꯴꯴]

  • ꯅꯥꯄꯥꯆꯤꯛ - ꯋꯥꯡꯉꯨ ꯈꯨꯜꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯅꯥꯄꯥꯆꯤꯛ ꯃꯐꯝꯁꯤꯗ ꯇꯧꯊꯣꯛ ꯈꯣꯠꯊꯣꯛꯄꯗ ꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯛ ꯱꯱꯶ ꯃꯨꯛ ꯐꯪꯏ ꯫[꯴꯵][꯴꯶][꯴꯷][꯴꯸][꯴꯹][꯵꯰]
  • ꯂꯥꯏꯃꯥꯅꯥꯏ - ꯱꯹꯹꯰ꯗ ꯇꯧꯊꯣꯛ ꯈꯣꯠꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯍꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯛ ꯷꯰ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯐꯪꯏ ꯫[꯵꯱][꯵꯲]
  • ꯐꯨꯅꯥꯟ - ꯑꯣꯛꯇꯣꯕꯔ, ꯱꯹꯶꯷ꯗ ꯀꯥꯕꯣꯛ ꯀꯥꯕꯣꯛ ꯇꯧꯊꯣꯛ ꯈꯣꯠꯊꯣꯛꯄꯗ ꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯛ ꯈꯔ ꯐꯪꯏ ꯫ ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯁꯦꯡꯅ ꯊꯤ ꯍꯨꯝꯕ ꯇꯧꯗ꯭ꯔꯤ ꯫[꯵꯳][꯵꯴][꯵꯵]
  • ꯅꯣꯡꯄꯣꯛ ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯜꯃꯥꯟꯕꯤ - ꯑꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯃꯌꯥꯢꯊꯪꯕ ꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯛ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯛ ꯐꯪꯕꯗ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯛ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯛꯁꯨ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗꯒꯤ ꯐꯪꯏ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯑꯣꯢꯅ corded wares ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ill fired potteries ꯌꯥꯎꯔꯤ ꯫[꯵꯶][꯵꯷]

ꯃꯃꯤ ꯁꯛꯇꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯂꯨ

ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯂꯥꯢꯔꯤꯛ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯂꯨ

ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯂꯪꯗꯥꯢꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯂꯨ

  ꯋꯤꯀꯤꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯀꯝꯃꯟꯁꯇ Archaeology in Manipur ꯑꯁꯤꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯎ-ꯏ ꯐꯪꯕꯤꯒꯅꯤ꯫

ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯂꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯂꯨ

  1. ↑ https://mastec.nic.in/archaeological-evidences.html
  2. ↑ http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=education.Scientific_Papers.Emergence_Of_Manipur_As_A_Nation_State_Pre_historic_Manipur_Part_1
  3. ↑ http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=education.Scientific_Papers.Emergence_Of_Manipur_As_A_Nation_State_Pre_historic_Manipur_Part_2
  4. ↑ http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=education.Scientific_Papers.Emergence_Of_Manipur_As_A_Nation_State_Pre_historic_Manipur_Part_3
  5. ↑ http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=education.Scientific_Papers.Emergence_Of_Manipur_As_A_Nation_State_Pre_historic_Manipur_Part_4
  6. ↑ http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=education.Scientific_Papers.Emergence_Of_Manipur_As_A_Nation_State_Pre_historic_Manipur_Part_5
  7. ↑ https://mastec.nic.in/archaeological-evidences.html
  8. ↑ http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=education.Scientific_Papers.Emergence_Of_Manipur_As_A_Nation_State_Pre_historic_Manipur_Part_2
  9. ↑ https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2019/8/28/11-The-geomorphology-of-the-Manipur-valley-profile-shows-gradual-sloping-in-elevation-from-west-to-east-direction-on-one-hand-and-north-to-south-direction-on-the-other-And-there-is-credible-evidenc.html
  10. ↑ http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=education.Scientific_Papers.Emergence_Of_Manipur_As_A_Nation_State_Pre_historic_Manipur_Part_1
  11. ↑ https://mastec.nic.in/archaeological-evidences.html
  12. ↑ http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=education.Scientific_Papers.Emergence_Of_Manipur_As_A_Nation_State_Pre_historic_Manipur_Part_2
  13. ↑ http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=education.Scientific_Papers.Emergence_Of_Manipur_As_A_Nation_State_Pre_historic_Manipur_Part_2
  14. ↑ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=MiHhNkvrWvwC&pg=PA21&dq=songbu+cave&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvo4CYrZLxAhWxzDgGHQI1B4QQ6AEwBnoECAsQAw#v=onepage&q=songbu%20Palaeolithic&f=false
  15. ↑ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=kbu_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13&dq=songbu+cave&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvo4CYrZLxAhWxzDgGHQI1B4QQ6AEwBXoECAgQAw#v=onepage&q=songbu%20cave&f=false
  16. ↑ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=GP9_AAAAMAAJ&dq=songbu+cave&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=songbu+Palaeolithic
  17. ↑ http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=education.Scientific_Papers.Emergence_Of_Manipur_As_A_Nation_State_Pre_historic_Manipur_Part_2
  18. ↑ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=8DVuAAAAMAAJ&dq=songbu+cave&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=songbu+Palaeolithic
  19. ↑ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=DPWGpVvBvx8C&pg=PA25&dq=khangkhui+Paleolithic&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwid5ciKr5LxAhU_zzgGHfBHAWAQ6AEwBXoECAcQAw#v=onepage&q=khangkhui%20Paleolithic&f=false
  20. ↑ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=reuQbFK9Rz4C&pg=PA26&dq=khangkhui+Paleolithic&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwid5ciKr5LxAhU_zzgGHfBHAWAQ6AEwAXoECAgQAw#v=onepage&q=khangkhui%20Paleolithic&f=false
  21. ↑ http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=education.Scientific_Papers.Emergence_Of_Manipur_As_A_Nation_State_Pre_historic_Manipur_Part_3
  22. ↑ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=DHCGN-Xu7YIC&pg=PA18&dq=nongpok+Keithelmanbi+Paleolithic&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi418mwsJLxAhUUyjgGHbESAKAQ6AEwAnoECAQQAw#v=onepage&q=nongpok%20Keithelmanbi%20Palaeolithic&f=false
  23. ↑ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=QQWMc7_qj4kC&pg=PA145&dq=nongpok+Keithelmanbi+Paleolithic&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi418mwsJLxAhUUyjgGHbESAKAQ6AEwCHoECAYQAw#v=onepage&q=nongpok%20Keithelmanbi%20Palaeolithic&f=false
  24. ↑ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=W8gbAQAAMAAJ&dq=nongpok+Keithelmanbi+Paleolithic&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=nongpok+Keithelmanbi+Palaeolithic
  25. ↑ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=kbu_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13&dq=nongpok+Keithelmanbi+Paleolithic&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi418mwsJLxAhUUyjgGHbESAKAQ6AEwBHoECAMQAw#v=onepage&q=nongpok%20Keithelmanbi%20Paleolithic&f=false
  26. ↑ http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=education.Scientific_Papers.Emergence_Of_Manipur_As_A_Nation_State_Pre_historic_Manipur_Part_3
  27. ↑ http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=education.Scientific_Papers.Emergence_Of_Manipur_As_A_Nation_State_Pre_historic_Manipur_Part_3
  28. ↑ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=W8gbAQAAMAAJ&q=singtom+Palaeolithic&dq=singtom+Palaeolithic&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwilzdj4tZLxAhW-qksFHcuWCcAQ6AEwA3oECAwQAw
  29. ↑ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=BGaBAAAAMAAJ&q=machi+Palaeolithic+tengnoupal&dq=machi+Palaeolithic+tengnoupal&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7vOa6t5LxAhWwlEsFHWebDiYQ6AEwA3oECAQQAw
  30. ↑ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=uFg8AAAAMAAJ&q=machi+Palaeolithic+tengnoupal&dq=machi+Palaeolithic+tengnoupal&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7vOa6t5LxAhWwlEsFHWebDiYQ6AEwAnoECAkQAw
  31. ↑ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=BGaBAAAAMAAJ&q=machi+Palaeolithic+Manipur&dq=machi+Palaeolithic+Manipur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjJ0qP8tpLxAhWayjgGHSl2B1IQ6AEwA3oECAQQAw
  32. ↑ http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=education.Scientific_Papers.Emergence_Of_Manipur_As_A_Nation_State_Pre_historic_Manipur_Part_3
  33. ↑ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&pg=PA393&dq=machi+Palaeolithic+tengnoupal&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7vOa6t5LxAhWwlEsFHWebDiYQ6AEwBHoECAYQAw#v=onepage&q=machi%20Palaeolithic%20tengnoupal&f=false
  34. ↑ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=GP9_AAAAMAAJ&dq=tharon+cave+mesolithic&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=tharon+mesolithic
  35. ↑ http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=education.Scientific_Papers.Emergence_Of_Manipur_As_A_Nation_State_Pre_historic_Manipur_Part_4
  36. ↑ http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=education.Scientific_Papers.Emergence_Of_Manipur_As_A_Nation_State_Pre_historic_Manipur_Part_4
  37. ↑ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=GP9_AAAAMAAJ&dq=tharon+cave+mesolithic&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=tharon+mesolithic
  38. ↑ http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=education.Scientific_Papers.Emergence_Of_Manipur_As_A_Nation_State_Pre_historic_Manipur_Part_4
  39. ↑ http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=education.Scientific_Papers.Emergence_Of_Manipur_As_A_Nation_State_Pre_historic_Manipur_Part_5
  40. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264901065_Dikshit_KN_and_Manjil_Hazarika_2012_%27The_Neolithic_cultures_of_Northeast_India_and_adjoining_regions_A_comparative_study%27_Journal_of_Indian_Ocean_Archaeology_7_98-148#pf6
  41. ↑ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=4FOBAAAAMAAJ&q=napachik&dq=napachik&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiM6PDIqpLxAhXlzjgGHRH5AtUQ6AEwA3oECAYQAw
  42. ↑ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=4FOBAAAAMAAJ&dq=napachik&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Laimanai
  43. ↑ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=4FOBAAAAMAAJ&dq=napachik&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Phunan
  44. ↑ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=4FOBAAAAMAAJ&dq=napachik&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Nongpok
  45. ↑ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&pg=PA393&dq=napachik&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiM6PDIqpLxAhXlzjgGHRH5AtUQ6AEwAnoECAsQAw#v=onepage&q=napachik&f=false
  46. ↑ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=U3NuAAAAMAAJ&q=napachik&dq=napachik&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiM6PDIqpLxAhXlzjgGHRH5AtUQ6AEwAXoECAUQAw
  47. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Stratigraphy-of-Napachik-excavation-1985-after-Singh-1997-68_fig11_264901065
  48. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Pottery-from-excavation-at-Napachik-Manipur-after-Singh-1993_fig12_264901065
  49. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Tripod-ware-legs-from-Napachik-after-Singh-1997-75_fig14_264901065
  50. ↑ http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=education.Scientific_Papers.Emergence_Of_Manipur_As_A_Nation_State_Pre_historic_Manipur_Part_5
  51. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Corded-Tripod-wares-from-Laimanai-after-Singh-1997-77_fig13_264901065
  52. ↑ http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=education.Scientific_Papers.Emergence_Of_Manipur_As_A_Nation_State_Pre_historic_Manipur_Part_5
  53. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Surface-collection-Corded-ware-from-Phunan-hills-Manipur-after-Singh-1993_fig8_264901065
  54. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/figure/10-Surface-collection-from-Phunan-hills-Manipur-after-Singh-1993_fig9_264901065
  55. ↑ http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=education.Scientific_Papers.Emergence_Of_Manipur_As_A_Nation_State_Pre_historic_Manipur_Part_5
  56. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Pottery-from-excavation-at-Nongpok-Keithelmanbi-Manipur-after-Singh-1993_fig10_264901065
  57. ↑ http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=education.Scientific_Papers.Emergence_Of_Manipur_As_A_Nation_State_Pre_historic_Manipur_Part_5
"https://mni.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ꯄꯨꯋꯥꯂꯤ_ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯀꯤ_ꯀꯪꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ&oldid=46461" ꯃꯐꯝꯗꯨꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯧꯈꯠꯂꯛꯄꯥ