ꯁꯤꯟ-ꯁꯥꯔꯣꯜ ꯅꯩꯅꯕ: ꯑꯃꯨꯛꯍꯟꯕꯥ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛ

The distinction between science, engineering, and technology is not always clear. [[ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯡ-ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟ|ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯡ-ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟ]] is systematic knowledge of the physical or material world gained through observation and experimentation.<ref>{{citeCite web|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/science|title=Science|last=|first=|date=2016|website=Dictionary.com|publisher=|access-date=November 7, 2016}}</ref> Technologies are not usually exclusively products of science, because they have to satisfy requirements such as [[utility]], [[usability]], and [[safety]].{{Citation needed|reason=This implies that some technologies are not product of science if they have utility, that seems wrong|date=August 2017}}

Technology is often a consequence of science and engineering, although technology as a human activity precedes the two fields. For example, science might study the flow of [[electron]]s in [[electrical conductor]]s by using already-existing tools and knowledge. This new-found knowledge may then be used by engineers to create new tools and machines such as [[semiconductor]]s, [[computer]]s, and other forms of advanced technology. In this sense, scientists and engineers may both be considered technologists; the three fields are often considered as one for the purposes of research and reference.<ref>{{citeCite web|url=http://www.intute.ac.uk/sciences/ |title=Intute: Science, Engineering and Technology |last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher=[[Intute]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217141847/http://www.intute.ac.uk/sciences/ |archive-date=17 February 2007 |dead-url=yes |accessdate=17 February 2007 |df= }}</ref>

The exact relations between science and technology in particular have been debated by scientists, historians, and policymakers in the late 20th century, in part because the debate can inform the funding of basic and applied science. In the immediate wake of [[World War II]], for example, it was widely considered in the United States that technology was simply "applied science" and that to fund basic science was to reap technological results in due time. An articulation of this philosophy could be found explicitly in [[Vannevar Bush]]'s treatise on postwar science policy, ''Science – The Endless Frontier'': "New products, new industries, and more jobs require continuous additions to knowledge of the laws of nature&nbsp;... This essential new knowledge can be obtained only through basic scientific research."<ref>{{citeCite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/nsf50/vbush1945.htm#summary|title=Science the Endless Frontier|last=Bush|first=Vannevar|date=July 1945|website=|publisher=National Science Foundation|access-date=November 7, 2016}}</ref> In the late-1960s, however, this view came under direct attack, leading towards initiatives to fund science for specific tasks (initiatives resisted by the scientific community). The issue remains contentious, though most analysts resist the model that technology simply is a result of scientific research.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wise|first=George|year=1985|title=Science and Technology|journal=Osiris (2nd Series)|volume=1|pages=229–46|doi=10.1086/368647|postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Between Politics and Science: Assuring the Integrity and Productivity of Research|last=Guston|first=David H.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2000|isbn=0521653185|location=New York|pages=|quote=|postscript}}

The use of tools by [[ꯍꯣꯃꯣ (ꯖꯦꯅꯨꯁ)|ꯑꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯕ]] was partly a process of discovery and of evolution. Early humans evolved from a [[Australopithecus afarensis|species]] of [[foraging]] [[hominids]] which were already [[bipedal]],<ref>{{Cite web|http://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/prehistoric_life/human/human_evolution/mother_of_man1.shtml|title=Mother of man&nbsp;– 3.2 million years ago |publisher=BBC}}</ref> with a brain mass approximately one third of modern humans.<ref>{{citeCite web|url=http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleId=212317|title=Human Evolution|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=[[History (U.S. TV channel)|History Channel]]|accessdate=17 May 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423204038/http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleId=212317|archivedate=23 April 2008}}</ref> Tool use remained relatively unchanged for most of early human history. Approximately 50,000 years ago, the use of tools and [[behavioral modernity|complex set of behaviors]] emerged, believed by many archaeologists to be connected to the emergence of fully modern [[language]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/15/science/early-voices-the-leap-to-language.html|title=Early Voices: The Leap to Language|last=Wade|first=Nicholas|date=July 15, 2003|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 7, 2016|via=}}</ref>

The discovery and utilization of [[fire]], a simple [[energy]] source with many profound uses, was a turning point in the technological evolution of humankind.<ref>{{citeCite book | last=Crump | first=Thomas | title=A Brief History of Science | year=2001 | publisher=[[Constable & Robinson]] | isbn=184119235X | page=9}}</ref> The exact date of its discovery is not known; evidence of burnt animal bones at the [[Cradle of Humankind]] suggests that the domestication of fire occurred before 1 Ma;<ref>{{citeCite web | url=http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=915 | title=Fossil Hominid Sites of Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, Kromdraai, and Environs | accessdate=10 March 2007 | publisher=[[UNESCO]]}}</ref> scholarly consensus indicates that ''[[Homo erectus]]'' had controlled fire by between 500 and 400 ka.<ref>{{citeCite web|url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab10|title=Stone Age Man|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=History World|accessdate=13 February 2007}}</ref><ref>{{citeCite journal | title=Hominid Use of Fire in the Lower and Middle Pleistocene | last=James | first=Steven R. | journal=[[Current Anthropology]] | volume=30 | issue=1 | pages=1–26 | subscription=yes |date=February 1989 | doi=10.1086/203705 | jstor=2743299}}</ref> Fire, fueled with [[wood]] and [[charcoal]], allowed early humans to cook their food to increase its digestibility, improving its nutrient value and broadening the number of foods that could be eaten.<ref>{{citeCite journal | last=Stahl | first= Ann B. | year=1984 | title=Hominid dietary selection bef