ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯂꯣꯟ
ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯂꯣꯟ ( L1 ), ꯅꯦꯇꯤꯕ ꯂꯣꯜ, ꯌꯦꯜꯍꯧ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯥ ꯃꯃꯥ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯄꯣꯛꯄꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯅꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯥ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯊꯦꯡꯅꯔꯛꯄꯥ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕꯥ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯜꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯈꯔꯗꯗꯤ ꯌꯦꯜꯍꯧ ꯂꯣꯟ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯥ ꯃꯃꯥꯂꯣꯟ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯀꯅꯥꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕꯥ ꯂꯣꯜꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯏꯊꯅꯤꯛ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯄꯀꯤ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯈꯪꯍꯜꯂꯤ ꯫
ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕꯥ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛ, ꯈꯨꯅꯥꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯂꯆꯔꯦꯜ ꯁꯛꯇꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕꯥ ꯂꯣꯜꯒꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯥ ꯏꯝꯄꯦꯛꯇ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯇꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥ ꯉꯥꯡꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯏ ꯄꯥꯛꯄꯥ ꯈꯨꯅꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯂꯧꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯝꯐꯝ ꯄꯨꯔꯛꯄꯅꯤ ꯫ [꯱] ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟꯕꯅꯥ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯤ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯌꯦꯜꯍꯧꯃꯤ ꯅꯠꯇꯕ ꯋꯥ ꯉꯥꯡꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯁꯨꯔꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯇꯩꯇꯣꯟ ꯁꯦꯡꯅ ꯉꯥꯡꯕ ꯍꯦꯟꯒꯠꯂꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛꯀꯤ ꯊꯥꯛ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯥ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯊꯕꯛꯀꯤ ꯊꯥꯛ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯗꯥ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯃꯉꯥꯗꯒꯤ ꯷ ꯐꯥꯎꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯆꯪꯂꯛꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯅꯦꯇꯤꯕ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯀꯤꯡ ꯀꯥꯎꯟꯇꯔꯄꯥꯔꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯫
꯱꯹꯹꯹ꯒꯤ ꯅꯕꯦꯝꯕꯔ ꯱꯷ꯇꯥ ꯌꯨꯅꯦꯁ꯭ꯀꯣꯅꯥ ꯐꯦꯕ꯭ꯔꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯲꯱ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯜ ꯃꯥꯗꯔ ꯂꯦꯉ꯭ꯒꯨꯌꯦꯖ ꯗꯦ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯈꯟꯈꯤ ꯫
ꯋꯥꯍꯟꯊꯣꯛꯁꯤꯡ
ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯂꯨꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯅꯍꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯇꯝꯗꯥ, ꯑꯍꯜꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯥ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯂꯣꯂꯒꯤ ꯊꯦꯡꯅꯔꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯏꯃꯨꯡ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯄꯣꯛꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯂꯨꯞꯆꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ "ꯅꯦꯇꯤꯚ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯀꯥꯔ" ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯀ꯭ꯋꯥꯂꯤꯐꯥꯏ ꯑꯣꯏ ꯫ [꯲] ꯌꯦꯜꯍꯧ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯉꯥꯡꯂꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯑꯣꯊꯣꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯅꯩ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯇꯝꯈꯤꯕꯒꯥ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯗꯦ ꯫ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯉꯥꯡꯂꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯐꯪꯕꯥ ꯉꯝꯃꯤ ꯫ ꯌꯦꯜꯍꯧꯃꯤ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯉꯥꯡꯂꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯂꯣꯟꯃꯤꯠ ꯄꯊꯥꯞ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯔꯝꯗꯥ ꯈꯪꯕꯥ ꯉꯝꯂꯣꯏ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕꯥ ꯊꯦꯡꯅꯔꯛꯈꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯄꯊꯥꯞꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯑꯐꯕꯥ "ꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯐꯥꯎꯕ" ꯂꯩꯒꯅꯤ ꯫ [꯲] "ꯌꯦꯜꯍꯧ ꯂꯣꯜ" ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯥ ꯐꯝꯊꯣꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯌꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯗꯥ, ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯐꯨꯔꯨꯞ ꯑꯄꯤꯛꯄꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯛꯄꯥ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯉꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯑꯉꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯣꯟꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕꯥ ꯊꯝꯗꯕꯥ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ-ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯍꯟꯊꯣꯛ ꯍꯟꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯄꯣꯜꯂꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯈꯟꯅꯩꯁ꯭ꯀꯣꯂꯥꯔ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯑꯃꯥꯅ꯫ ꯑꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯑꯕ ꯍꯤꯔꯝ ꯑꯍꯨꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯆꯞꯆꯥꯕ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ ꯫ ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯀꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯂꯣꯜꯗꯒꯤ ("ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯤꯑꯦꯜ" ꯂꯣꯜ) ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯀꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯗꯤ, ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ "ꯌꯦꯜꯍꯧ ꯂꯣꯜ" ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯝꯕꯥ ꯂꯣꯜꯅꯣ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯅꯥ ꯊꯣꯛꯏ ꯫
"ꯌꯦꯜꯍꯧ ꯂꯣꯜ" ꯍꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯅꯕꯥ
ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯂꯨ- ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯃꯗꯥ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ: ꯀꯅꯥꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯇꯝꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯂꯣꯜ(ꯁꯤꯡ) ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯜ (ꯀꯅꯥꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯁꯥꯡꯅꯥ ꯆꯠꯄꯥ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯒꯤ ꯀꯟꯇꯦꯛꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯂꯣꯜ(ꯁꯤꯡ) ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯜ) ꯫
- ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯁꯛꯇꯥꯛꯄꯗ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅꯥ: ꯀꯅꯥꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯈꯪꯗꯣꯛꯄꯥ/ ꯉꯥꯡꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯈꯪꯗꯣꯛꯄꯥ ꯂꯣꯜ(ꯁꯤꯡ);
- ꯃꯄꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯈꯪꯗꯣꯛꯄꯗꯥ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅꯥ: ꯂꯣꯜ(ꯁꯤꯡ) ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯅꯥꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯈꯪꯗꯣꯛꯄꯥ/ꯋꯥ ꯉꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯫
- ꯋꯥ ꯉꯥꯡꯕ ꯉꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ: ꯀꯅꯥꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯈ꯭ꯋꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯈꯪꯕꯥ ꯂꯣꯜ(ꯁꯤꯡ) ꯑꯗꯨ ꯫
- ꯃꯊꯧꯗꯥ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ: ꯀꯅꯥꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯈ꯭ꯋꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯂꯣꯜ(ꯁꯤꯡ) ꯫
ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯈꯔꯗꯥ, ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯀꯦꯅꯤꯌꯥ, ꯚꯥꯔꯠ, ꯕꯦꯂꯥꯔꯨꯁ, ꯌꯨꯛꯔꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕꯥ ꯏꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯦꯁꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯌꯥꯏ ꯊꯪꯕ ꯑꯦꯁꯤꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯀꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ, "ꯃꯃꯥꯒꯤ ꯂꯣꯜ" ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯥ "ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯂꯣꯜ" ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯃꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯄꯥꯔꯂꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯀꯅꯥꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯐꯨꯔꯨꯞ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯄꯀꯤ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯇꯥꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯩ ("ꯑꯩꯒꯤ ꯏꯃꯥꯒꯤ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯃꯥꯡꯖꯧꯅꯅꯥ ꯇꯝꯗꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯅꯨꯡꯉꯥꯏꯇꯕ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ"), ꯀꯅꯥꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕꯥ ꯂꯣꯜꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯗꯁꯨ ꯅꯠꯇꯅꯥ, ꯁꯤꯉ꯭ꯒꯥꯄꯨꯔꯗꯥ "ꯏꯃꯥ ꯂꯣꯜ" ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯇꯁꯦꯡꯕꯥ ꯍꯩꯊꯣꯏ-ꯁꯤꯡꯊꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯌꯦꯡꯗꯅꯥ ꯀꯅꯥꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯐꯨꯔꯨꯞ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯄꯀꯤ ꯂꯣꯜꯕꯨ ꯈꯪꯅꯩ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ "ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕꯥ ꯂꯣꯜ" ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯏꯪꯂꯤꯁꯕꯨ ꯈꯪꯅꯩ, ꯃꯗꯨ ꯕ꯭ꯔꯤꯇꯤꯁ ꯏꯝꯄꯥꯌꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯏꯊꯠ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯂꯤꯡꯈꯠꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯌꯥꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯐꯥꯎꯅ ꯂꯣꯟꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯂꯩꯉꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯍꯩꯁꯪꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯇꯝꯕꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯅꯤꯡꯇꯝꯂꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯤꯉ꯭ꯒꯥꯄꯨꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯫
ꯀꯦꯅꯥꯗꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯄꯥ ꯃꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯀꯣꯛ ꯊꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯥ, ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯇꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯛꯁ ꯀꯅꯥꯗꯥꯅꯥ ꯃꯃꯥ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ "ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗꯥ ꯌꯨꯝꯗꯥ ꯇꯝꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕꯥ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯀꯣꯛ ꯊꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗꯥ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯐꯥꯎꯕꯥ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯜꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯂꯣꯜ" ꯍꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯜꯂꯤ ꯫ [꯳] ] ꯇꯝꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕꯥ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯋꯥꯉꯥꯡꯂꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯔꯣꯏ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯊꯥꯖꯩ ꯫ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯏꯃꯨꯡ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯅꯥ ꯑꯅꯧꯕꯥ ꯂꯣꯟ ꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯀꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯕꯝ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯆꯠꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯅꯍꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯐꯝꯗ ꯈꯨꯗꯥꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯉꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅꯥ ꯌꯨꯝꯗꯥ ꯅꯍꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗꯥ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯂꯣꯟ ꯇꯝꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡ (ꯀꯝꯝꯌꯨꯅꯤꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯝꯕꯥ ꯁꯔꯨꯀꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯂꯣꯜꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ), ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯈꯔꯗꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯥ... ꯑꯄꯨꯟꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ( ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯦꯠꯔꯤꯁꯟ ꯌꯦꯡꯕꯤꯌꯨ) ꯫ ꯏꯚꯥꯟ ꯏꯂꯤꯆꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅꯥ, "ꯏꯃꯥꯂꯣꯜ" ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕꯗꯥ ꯀꯦꯊꯣꯂꯤꯛ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯃꯕꯨ ꯈꯪꯅꯅꯕꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ, ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅꯥ " ꯄꯨꯂꯄꯤꯇꯇꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯕꯥ" ꯃꯇꯝꯗꯥ ꯂꯦꯇꯤꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯨꯠꯇꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯤ "ꯁꯦꯡꯂꯕꯥ ꯃꯃꯥ ꯁꯤꯡꯂꯨꯞ"ꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯣꯏꯂꯝ ꯂꯩꯉꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯀꯣꯂꯣꯅꯤꯑꯦꯂꯤꯖꯃꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯈ꯭ꯔ꯭ꯏꯁ꯭ꯠꯌꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯖꯦ.ꯑꯥꯔ.ꯑꯥꯔ . ꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯥꯛꯄꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯅꯥꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗꯥ ꯇꯝꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯂꯣꯜꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯅꯥꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕꯥ "ꯌꯦꯜꯍꯧ ꯂꯣꯟ" ꯑꯁꯤ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯏꯅꯍꯦꯔꯤꯇꯦꯗ ꯂꯣꯟ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯂꯦꯞꯊꯣꯛꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯃꯒꯥ ꯑꯀꯟꯕꯥ ꯄꯨꯛꯅꯤꯡ ꯅꯨꯡꯁꯤꯕ ꯑꯦꯐꯤꯅꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯈꯪꯗꯣꯛꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ (ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯋꯦꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯃꯤꯗꯜꯌꯥꯟꯗꯁꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯗꯜ ꯏꯪꯂꯤꯁꯇꯥ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯐꯤꯅꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯇꯣꯜꯀꯤꯟ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯖꯈꯤ) ꯫
ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯉꯥꯡꯅꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯄꯣꯛꯄꯥ ꯑꯉꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯌꯦꯜꯍꯧ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯟꯃꯌꯥꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯥ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯅꯥ, ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯨꯕꯥ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯀꯅꯥꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕꯥ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯅꯠꯇꯕꯥ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯥ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯉꯥꯡꯅꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨꯅꯤ ꯫
ꯂꯣꯟ-ꯑꯅꯤ ꯉꯥꯡꯕ
ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯂꯨ
ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯉꯥꯡꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯤ꯫ ꯋꯥꯍꯟꯊꯣꯛ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯅꯤꯗꯥ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯅꯥ ꯍꯩꯊꯣꯏ-ꯁꯤꯡꯊꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯉꯥꯡꯏ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯅꯤꯁ ꯂꯣꯟꯗꯥ ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯛꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯃꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯏꯪꯂꯤꯁ ꯇꯝꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗꯥ ꯉꯥꯡꯂꯕꯈꯛꯇꯗꯥ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯉꯥꯡꯏ ꯫ ꯄꯔꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯝꯕꯦꯔꯇꯅꯥ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ "ꯕꯦꯂꯦꯟꯁ" ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯉꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯈꯛꯇꯃꯛ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ- ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯤ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯅꯤꯗꯥ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯅꯥ ꯍꯩꯊꯣꯏ-ꯁꯤꯡꯊꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ "ꯌꯦꯜꯍꯧ" ꯂꯣꯜ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯈꯜꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯐꯪꯈꯤ꯫
- ꯕꯦꯂꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯉꯥꯡꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯦꯛꯁꯤꯕꯤꯂꯤꯇꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕꯥ ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯊꯣꯛꯅꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯐꯩ (ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅꯥ ꯈꯪꯅꯔꯕꯥ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯅꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯂꯦꯞꯇꯅꯥ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛ ꯍꯣꯡꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯏ),
- ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯣꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯄꯥꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯃꯇꯧ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯈꯪꯏ,
- ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯐꯣꯅꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯄꯥꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯨꯠꯇꯥ ꯂꯣꯖꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗꯥ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯒꯥ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯁꯣꯁꯤꯑꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯈꯟꯒꯠꯂꯤ ꯫ [꯴]
ꯂꯣꯟ-ꯃꯌꯥꯝ ꯉꯥꯡꯕ
ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯂꯨꯀꯅꯥꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯌꯦꯜꯍꯧ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯕꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯌꯦꯜꯍꯧ ꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯉꯥꯡꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯥ ꯇꯁꯦꯡꯅꯥ ꯂꯣꯟ-ꯃꯌꯥꯝ ꯉꯥꯡꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯂꯣꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯇꯝꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯇꯉꯥꯏꯐꯗꯅꯥ ꯍꯩꯊꯣꯏ-ꯁꯤꯡꯊꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯆ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯉꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯃꯄꯨꯔꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕꯗꯥ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯆ ꯂꯣꯟꯗꯥ ꯇꯝꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯏꯪꯂꯤꯁ ꯉꯥꯡꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯛꯄꯥ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯏꯪꯂꯤꯁꯇꯥ ꯈ꯭ꯋꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯩꯊꯣꯏ-ꯁꯤꯡꯊꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ ꯫
"ꯌꯦꯜꯍꯧ ꯋꯥꯉꯥꯡꯂꯣꯏ" ꯍꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯍꯟꯊꯣꯛ ꯄꯤꯕꯥ
ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯂꯨꯌꯦꯜꯍꯧ ꯋꯥꯉꯥꯡꯂꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯂꯦꯞꯊꯣꯛꯄꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯔꯨꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯃꯕꯨ ꯈꯪꯗꯣꯛꯄꯥ ꯉꯝꯕꯥ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯥ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ ꯫ ꯌꯦꯜꯍꯧ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯉꯥꯡꯂꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯦꯞꯊꯣꯛꯂꯕꯥ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯈꯪꯕꯥ ꯉꯝꯗꯦ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯥ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯇꯁꯦꯡꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯉꯥꯡꯂꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯆꯨꯁꯤꯟꯅꯍꯟꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯥ ꯆꯨꯝꯊꯣꯛꯄꯥ ꯉꯝꯗꯕꯥ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯕꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯇꯣꯇꯥꯏꯞ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯈꯟꯒꯗ꯭ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯈꯪꯕꯥ ꯉꯝꯗꯦ ꯫ [꯵]
"ꯗꯤ ꯅꯦꯇꯤꯕ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯀꯥꯔ: ꯑꯦꯆꯤꯕꯦꯕꯜ ꯃꯣꯗꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯥ?" [꯶] ꯏ.ꯑꯦꯐ.ꯑꯦꯜ. ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯟꯁꯤꯄꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅꯥ ꯁꯥꯏꯟꯇꯤꯐꯤꯛ ꯐꯤꯜꯗ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯂꯣꯜꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯄꯔꯇꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯅꯩ ꯫ ꯌꯦꯜꯍꯧ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯀꯥꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯒꯥꯏꯗꯂꯥꯏꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯏꯟꯅꯥ ꯂꯦꯞꯊꯣꯛꯏ:
- ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗꯥ ꯇꯝꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯃꯇꯧ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯉꯥꯛꯇꯨꯅꯥ ꯊꯝꯂꯤ ꯫
- ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯏꯟꯠꯌꯨꯏꯇꯤꯕ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯩ ꯫
- ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯖꯅ ꯉꯥꯡꯕ, ꯁ꯭ꯄꯣꯟꯁꯔ ꯗꯤꯁꯀꯣꯔꯁ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯄꯥ ꯉꯝꯃꯤ ꯫
- ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ-ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕꯥ ꯈꯨꯅꯥꯏ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯀꯟꯇꯦꯛꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯀꯝꯝꯌꯨꯅꯤꯀꯦꯇꯤꯚ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯀꯝꯄꯤꯇꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯣꯏ ꯫
- ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯀꯝꯝꯌꯨꯅꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯈꯪꯗꯣꯛꯏ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯥ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯈꯪꯗꯣꯛꯏ ꯫
- ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯃꯄꯥꯟ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯩꯇꯣꯟ ꯁꯦꯡꯅ ꯉꯥꯡꯕ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯥ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ ꯫
ꯂꯣꯟ ꯱ꯒ ꯂꯣꯟ ꯱ꯒ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕ
ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯂꯨꯂꯣꯜ ꯍꯟꯗꯣꯛꯄꯅꯥ ꯂꯣꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯝꯅꯍꯟꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯇꯝꯂꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯑꯅꯧꯕꯥ ꯂꯣꯜꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯄꯗꯥ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯏ ꯫ ꯂꯣꯟ-ꯃꯌꯥꯝ ꯉꯥꯡꯕ ꯁꯦꯝꯐꯝꯗꯥ, ꯇꯝꯂꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯍꯥꯟꯅꯅꯥ ꯈꯪꯂꯕꯁꯤꯡ, ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯤ ꯂꯣꯟꯃꯤꯠ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯣꯟꯆꯟ ꯂꯩꯇꯣꯟ ꯁꯦꯡꯅ ꯉꯥꯡꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯑꯅꯧꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯕꯗꯥ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯕꯗꯥ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯄꯤꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫
ꯃꯁꯤꯁꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯕꯤꯌꯨ
ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯂꯨꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯂꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝ
ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯂꯨ- ↑ Boroditsky, Lera (2001). "Does language shape thought?: Mandarin and English speakers' conceptions of time" (PDF). Cognitive Psychology. 43 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1006/cogp.2001.0748. PMID 11487292. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 2013-09-17.
- ↑ ꯲.꯰ ꯲.꯱ Love, Nigel; Ansaldo, Umberto (2010). "The native speaker and the mother tongue". Language Sciences. 32 (6): 589–593. doi:10.1016/j.langsci.2010.09.003.
- ↑
- ↑ Hakuta, Kenji; Diaz, Rafael M. (1985), "The relationship between degree of bilingualism and cognitive ability: A critical discussion and some new longitudinal data" (PDF), Children’s Language, 5, pp. 319–344, archived from the original (PDF) on 24 October 2013, retrieved 21 October 2013
- ↑ The Linguistics Studentʻs Handbook. Edinburgh University Press.
- ↑ Lee, Joseph J. (2005). "The native speaker: An achievable model?" (PDF). Asian EFL Journal. 7 (2). article 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.